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Health Conditions

Heart Failure

References

Fletcher CV and Kakuda TN. Himan Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. In: Dipiro JT, Talbert, RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hf/HF_WhatIs.html. Accessed June 25, 2007, and June 1, 2008.

Cohn JN, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 1986;314:1547-52

Cohn JN., et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. V-HeFT II. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325:303-10

The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). New England Journal of Medicine 1987;316:1429-35

The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325:293-302

The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327:685-91

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Clinical Practice Guidelines, Number 11: Heart Failure; Evaluation and Care of Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction. June 1994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat6.chapter.22456 Accessed August 9, 2006, and June 12, 2008.

Ho KKL, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Grossman W, Levy D. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation. 1993;88:107-115

Williams JF Jr., Bristow MR, Fowler MB, Francis GR, Garson A, Gersh BJ, Hammer DF, Hiatky MA, Leier CV, Packer M, Pitt B, Ullyot DJ, Wexler LF, Winters WL. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure: report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;26:1376-1398.

Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). American College of Cardiology Web Site. Available at: http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/failure//index.pdf.

The American Heart Association. Watching for Physical Changes. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=354 Accessed on August 9, 2006, June 25, 2007, and June 12, 2008.

Abraham, William. Acute Decompenstated Heart Failure: Patient Characteristics, Practice Patterns, and Outcomes: http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4088 Accessed: July,12 2005

Adams, Kirkwood. Perspectives on the New Heart Failure Guidelines http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4088 Accessed: July, 12 2005, and June 12, 2008.

Smarrt Frank. Heart Failure Patients With Renal Insufficiency: Diagnosis Prognosis, and Treatment Strategies: http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4088 Accessed July, 12 2005.

Yancy Clyde. The future of Heart Failure Treatment: New Applications, New Therapies: http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4088. Acessed July, 12 2005.

Pittman B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with sever heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 341:709-17.

Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351:2049-57

Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345:1667-75.

Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-overall programme. Lancet 2003;362:759-66

Rich MW, McSherry F, Williford WO, Yusuf S. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations, and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: the DIG study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001 Sep;38(3):806-13.

The American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187998. Accessed: June 12, 2008.

Drug Digest: Aldosterone Receptor Blockers. Available at: http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/Comparison/NewComparison/0,10621,550761-9,00.html. Accessed June 13, 2008.

Bystolic Drug Monograph and Information. Available at: http://www.frx.com/pi/bystolic_pi.pdf. Accessed: June 13, 2008.

Clinical Trials: Nebivolol versus Bisoprolol versus Carvedilol In Heart Failure (CARNEBI). Available at: http://clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/show/NCT00517725?term=bystolic+AND+heart+failure&rank=2. Accessed: June 13, 2008.

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Note: The above information is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not intended to diagnose a health condition, but it can be used as a guide to help you decide if you should seek professional treatment or to help you learn more about your condition once it has been diagnosed.

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Introduction

What is it?

What causes it?

Who has it?

What are the risk factors?

What are the symptoms?

How is it treated?

What is on the horizon?

References



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